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Brain Activity during Motor Control Light to Measure Brain Function Principle of Using Near Infrared

Data
Rear Imaging Optical Brain-Function
In rehabilitation-related occupations, such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, important aims include
adaptive motor learning and recovery of motor function in patients. The ability of fNIRS to record brain activity during exercise and
movement has resulted in its rapid adoption in the field of rehabilitation research.
The diagrams below show brain activity during basic limb movements (walking, upright posture control, arm reaching movements,
and lower-limb muscle force control). bilitation Neuroreha-

Front
A B C
Fig. 3 Brain Activity during Arm Reaching Movements fNIRS and fMRI Comparison of

A: Photograph of test. B: No prism glasses. C: Wearing prism glasses. Cases of unilateral spatial neglect often occur where the subject
is unable to concentrate on the left half of the visual field due to damage to the right hemisphere parietal lobe. A method known as
prism adaptation is used for rehabilitation in such cases. This test was performed for the basic verification of the effects of the method
during arm reaching movements. Image C confirms an increase in Oxy-Hb concentration-length in the right lateral pre-frontal cortex
and parietal lobe in comparison with image B. Motor Control Brain Activity during

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A B
Fig. 1 Brain Activity during Lower-Limb Locomotion (Walking on a Treadmill) Measurement with EEG Simultaneous

A: Brain images when walking at 4 km/hour. They confirm a slight increase in Oxy-Hb concentration-length (Oxy-Hb concentration
multiplied by the path length) on both sides of the primary motor cortex compared to the resting state. They also show an increased
Oxy-Hb concentration-length in the pre-motor cortex. Front
B: Brain images when avoiding obstacles at 4 km/hour walking speed. The Oxy-Hb concentration-length when walking at 4 km/hour is A B C
subtracted from the Oxy-Hb concentration-length while avoiding obstacles at 4 km/hour walking speed. The images confirm an Rear Analysis Method NIRS Signal
increase in Oxy-Hb concentration-length in the right pre-motor cortex and left pre-frontal cortex (near the dorsolateral cortex).

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Front Inner Speech Investigating
D E F
Fig. 4 Brain Activity for Muscle Force Control during Right Knee Extension Movements

A: Brain image during Incremental exercise to 20 %MVC (maximal voluntary contraction). (The resting state is subtracted.) B: Functions Language Processing
Front
Incremental exercise to 40 %MVC. An increase in Oxy-Hb concentration-length is confirmed in the left medial primary sensorimotor
A B C D cortex. C: Incremental exercise to 60 %MVC. An increase in Oxy-Hb concentration-length is confirmed in the left medial primary
Fig. 2 Brain Activity during Upright Posture Control sensorimotor cortex and left and right pre-frontal cortex. D: Decreased exercise from 20 %MVC. E: Decreased exercise from 40 %MVC.
F: Decreased exercise from 60 %MVC. Greater Oxy-Hb concentration-length is confirmed in comparison with incremental exercise in the
A: Wobble board used. B: Brain images when maintaining posture with feet together and eyes closed. The Oxy-Hb left and right pre-frontal cortex and supplementary motor cortex. Research Mental Disorder
concentration-length in the reference state (maintaining upright posture with feet together and eyes open) is subtracted. C: Brain
(Data supplied by: Shu Morioka, MD, PhD, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University)
images when maintaining posture while standing on right leg. The reference state is subtracted. They confirm an increase in Oxy-Hb
concentration-length in the right medial primary motor cortex and right pre-frontal cortex. D: Brain images when maintaining upright References:
Nobusako, S., Hiyamizu, M., Maeoka, H., Morioka, S.: Neurorehabilitation and Brain Function Imaging -- Walking (1), Physiotherapy 27: 274-282
posture on a wobble board. They confirm an increase in Oxy-Hb concentration-length in the left and right primary motor cortex, Hiyamizu, M., Maeoka, H., Fujita, H., Morioka, S.: Neurorehabilitation and Brain Function Imaging – Upright Posture Control (2), Physiotherapy 27: 387-392, 2010
supplementary motor cortex, and pre-frontal cortex. Taniguchi, H., Matsuo, A., Maeoka, H., Morioka, S.: Neurorehabilitation and Brain Function Imaging – Arm Reaching Movements (3), Physiotherapy 27: 499-504, 2010
Nobusako, S., Takebayashi, H., Hiyamizu, M., Maeoka, H., Morioka, S.: Neurorehabilitation and Brain Function Imaging – Muscle Force Control (5), Physiotherapy 27: 706-712, 2010 Shimadzu fNIRS Key References Regarding

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