Page 12 - Shimadzu Journal vol.7 Issue1

Environmental Analysis

among individuals [23, 24] . Amphipods are known prey for larger hadal Science. 347, 768-771.
taxa such as decapods [65] , other predatory amphipods [66] and fish 7 Woodall, L. C., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canals, M., Paterson, G. L. J., Coppock, R.,
such as liparids and ophidiids [67-69] . Once the microplastics enter the Sleight, V., Calafat, A., Rogers, A. D., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Thompson, R. C.
hadal food chain there is a strong possibility that they will be locked 2014 The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris. R. Soc. Open Sci. 1,
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into a perpetual cycle of trophic transfer. This is because amphipods 8 Taylor, M. L., Gwinnett, C., Robinson, L. F., Woodall, L. C. 2016 Plastic
scavenge on marine carrion which includes those fish and decapods microfibre ingestion by deep-sea organisms. Sci. Rep. 6, 33997.
from surface waters as well as those living at a similar depths that (10.1038/srep33997)
potentially are also their predators [69,70] . At depths >8000m, 9 Courtene-Jones, W., Quinn, B., Gary, S. F., Mogg, A. O. M., Narayanaswamy,
amphipods consume a combination of surface derived marine B. E. 2017 Microplastic pollution identified in deep-sea water and ingested by
detritus and carrion, and other species of amphipod [52] , which again benthic invertebrates in the Rockall Trough, North Atlantic Ocean. Environ.
suggests the likelihood of inevitable trophic cycling of microplastics Pollut. 231, 271-280. (10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.026)
at these depths. The extent to which deep-sea amphipods can 10 Cózar, A., Echevarría, F., González-Gordillo, J. I., Irigoien, X., Úbeda, B.,
Hernández-León, S., Palma, Á. T., Navarro, S., García-de-Lomas, J., Ruiz, A.
disperse microplastics across the seafloor is currently unclear. This is 2014 Plastic debris in the open ocean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 111,
because their digestion and defecation rates are currently unknown. 10239-10244.
11 Barnes, D. K. A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C., Barlaz, M. 2009
Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments.
Conclusion Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 364, 1985-1998.
The results of this study demonstrate that man-made fibres including 12 Tekman, M. B., Krumpen, T., Bergmann, M. 2017 Marine litter on deep
microplastics are ingested by Lysianassoid amphipods at the deepest Arctic seafloor continues to increase and spreads to the North at the
HAUSGARTEN observatory. Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 120,
location of all the Earth’s oceans. Microplastic ingestion occurred in all 88-99.
trenches, indicating they are bioavailable within hadal environments. 13 Fischer, V., Elsner, N. O., Brenke, N., Schwabe, E., Brandt, A. 2015 Plastic
We hypothesise that the physical impacts known in shallower pollution of the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench area (NW pacific). Deep-Sea Res. Part
ecosystems as a result of microplastic ingestion , are likely to occur II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 111, 399-405.
[4]
within hadal populations. Plastics are being ingested, culminating and 14 Galgani, F., Leaute, J. P., Moguedet, P., Souplet, A., Verin, Y., Carpentier, A.,
bioavailable in an ecosystem inhabited by species we poorly Goraguer, H., Latrouite, D., Andral, B., Cadiou, Y., et al. 2000 Litter on the Sea
understand, cannot observe experimentally and have failed to obtain Floor Along European Coasts. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 40, 516-527.
(https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00234-9)
baseline data for prior to contamination. This study reports the deepest 15 Schlining, K., von Thun, S., Kuhnz, L., Schlining, B., Lundsten, L., Jacobsen
record of microplastic ingestion, indicating it is highly likely there are no Stout, N., Chaney, L., Connor, J. 2013 Debris in the deep: Using a 22-year
marine ecosystems left that are not impacted by plastic pollution. video annotation database to survey marine litter in Monterey Canyon, central
California, USA. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 79,
96-105. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2013.05.006)
Acknowledgements: 16 Chiba, S., Saito, H., Fletcher, R., Yogi, T., Kayo, M., Miyagi, S., Ogido, M.,
Fujikura, K. 2018 Human footprint in the abyss: 30 year records of deep-sea
We thank the captain, crew and company of the research expeditions plastic debris. Marine Policy. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.03.022)
who assisted in the collection of the amphipods between 2008 and 17 Shimanaga, M., Yanagi, K. 2016 The Ryukyu Trench may function as a
2017, namely the Japanese Hakuho-Maru, Tansei Maru, and "depocenter" for anthropogenic marine litter. J. Oceanogr. 72, 895-903.
Shinyo-Maru, the German Sonne and the RV Kaharoa in New Zealand. (10.1007/s10872-016-0388-7)
The lab work was supported by The School of Marine Science and 18 Danovaro, R., Della Croce, N., Dell'Anno, A., Pusceddu, A. 2003 A
Technology at Newcastle University, where we thank David Whitaker depocenter of organic matter at 7800 m depth in the SE Pacific Ocean.
and Peter McParlin for their assistance. We are extremely grateful to Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 50, 1411-1420.
Bob Keighley and Dan Parnaby at Shimadzu UK Limited for facilitating (10.1016/j.dsr.2003.07.001)
19 Galloway, T. S., Cole, M., Lewis, C. 2017 Interactions of microplastic debris
the FTIR analysis and access to their material database. We also thank throughout the marine ecosystem. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1, 8.
Heather Stewart from the British Geological Survey for supplying the (10.1038/s41559-017-0116)
distances between trenches. 20 Fendall, L. S., Sewell, M. A. 2009 Contributing to marine pollution by
washing your face: microplastics in facial cleansers. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58,
1225-1228.
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